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A torque converter in modern usage, is usually a fluid coupling which is used in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for example an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. Same as a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanized clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a considerable difference between input and output rotational speed.
The most popular kind of torque converter used in automobile transmissions is the fluid coupling unit. In the 1920s there was likewise the Constantinesco or likewise known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are various mechanical designs for continuously changeable transmissions that could multiply torque. For example, the Variomatic is a kind which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which cannot multiply torque. A torque converter has an extra component which is the stator. This alters the drive's characteristics through occasions of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
There are a minimum of three rotating components within a torque converter: the turbine, which drives the load, the impeller, which is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the turbine and the impeller so that it could change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under any condition and this is where the term stator begins from. In truth, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been modifications which have been incorporated at times. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is required, alterations to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Usually, these alterations have taken the form of various turbines and stators. Every set has been designed to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Some examples comprise the Dynaflow that uses a five element converter to be able to produce the wide range of torque multiplication considered necessary to propel a heavy vehicle.
Various car converters include a lock-up clutch to reduce heat and so as to enhance the cruising power and transmission efficiency, even though it is not strictly component of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses connected with fluid drive.
